Should Models Have a Minimum Weight? Essay

What The Size of Models Really Promotes Models over the past decades have become noticeably thinner and thinner creating an ongoing debate: Are models becoming too thin? For a recent example, Bethaney Wallace, a teenage model, dies at the age of 19 from starving herself to death, all for the sole purpose of selling clothes. Model deaths are one of the many reasons that have caused the fashion industry to discuss implementation of a minimum model weight standard. This issue has been in debate for a long time now, but standards have never been enacted. Most people would do anything for a job they loved, including purging, starving, and excessive exercising. But when there’s no line drawn, how does someone know when enough is enough? Not only is the idea of ‘thin is beautiful’ hurting models, but it is also damaging the frail body images of most young girls. We unfortunately live in a world where fashion is promoting an unhealthy image for young women to aspire to, but with a set of standards this could cr eate progress for a change. Because the majority of models in today’s society are unreasonably thin, and because media images are a major factor in girls’ images of themselves, a weight standard should be set for models to promote better body image for themselves and other girls. BACKGROUND The evolution of fashion models is vast if comparing the size of the models. Surprisingly, the fashion industry wasn’t always obsessed with caloric intake and the size of models that stomped the catwalk. â€Å"Addressing her fellow beauties on the matter of their ample cabooses, newly elected president of the Model’s Mutual Aid Society, Lucy â€Å"Lucky† Janishevski, admonished her sisters to lay down their baguettes and wage a war on calories to keep their figures svelte and their jobs secure. After all, the slender Brits and Americans were rapidly invading French fashion territory. In a news report issued by the North American Newspaper Alliance, published on this day in 1957, Lucky recommended a reducing regimen of exercise, carrot juice, and a ‘microscopic slice of dry toast’† (Lloyd). â€Å"Lucky† was one of the first woman to suggest an unhealthy guideline for models to follow in France. â€Å"Lucky and a former American model, D orian  Leigh, established the first successful modeling agency in Paris, importing trimmer models from Sweden, Italy, England and America. By the late 60s, the modeling world had shed its Bardot hips in favor of slim, boyish bods, with models Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy leading the way† (Lloyd). Twiggy, a high fashion model of the 60’s, joined the fashion industry at 16 and is commonly blamed for the revolution of stick-thin models. Even though skinny became all the rage, not every designer wanted stick figures. â€Å"Avant-gardist Andrà © Courrà ¨ges preferred curvy girls to show off his (†¦) designs. He did not ‘care about their measurements or their weight,’ according to a 1967 Vogue interview. When the interviewer inquired whether he had ever asked a model to lose weight, he said he ‘often ask[ed] them to gain weight.’ The always-prescient Courrà ¨ges paved the way for more voluptuous models, with supermodels Christie Brinkley, Cindy Crawford and Brooke Shields emerging onto the scene in the 70s and 80s.† (Lloyd) The era of fit, curvy models remained strong into the 90’s with supermodels like Claudia Schiffer, Linda Evangelista, Naomi Campbell and Christy Turlington storming the runways and covering the pages of Vogue, Elle and Harper’s Bazaar. Lloyd claims, it was only when Kate Moss ushered in a new wave of waifishness as the poster child for heroin chic that curves once again fell out of fashion. Idolizing models like Brazilian beauty Gisele Bundchen, a Victoria’s Secret model with remarkable voluptuous curves, became a short-lived fad, replaced by girls with no hips. â€Å"In the mid-2000s, Gemma Ward, the youngest model ever to grace the cover of Vogue, ushered in the era of gaunt models. Draping fabrics and billowy silhouettes hung on these skeletal girls as thoug h on showroom racks. Like a dysfunctional family secret, the fashion world refused to recognize that the industry ideal was abetting anorexia. In 2006, it took the deaths of Luisel Ramos, a 22-year-old Uruguayan model who subsisted on lettuce leaves and Diet Coke, and Brazilian model Ana Carolina Reston, for the industry to take notice† (Lloyd). Quickly following their deaths, Milan set a minimum weight requirement, Madrid established a minimum BMI, and the Council of Fashion Designers of America issued guidelines to help designers recognize eating disorders and weight issues of their models. These requirements and guidelines are â€Å"a promising step in the right direction (†¦) to real change. But it is worth noting that the guidelines only apply directly to runway models, leaving magazine shoots, advertisements and other fashion media untouched. Can the fight for healthier models be won if only fought on one front?† (Krupnick). The Weight Standard Would Be Beneficial For: Model’s Health Most runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia, according to an editorial pictorial in the January issue of PLUS model magazine. Twenty years ago, the average fashion model weighed 8 percent less than the average woman. Today, she weighs 23 percent less, it said. When asked for its source, the magazine cited the website of Rader Programs, which treats those with eating disorders. Keeping up with the grueling world of the fashion industry is a difficult task. Most models feel as if the only way to compete and keep their spot in the industry is to stay below a certain weight or maintain a particular look. Some models don’t even recognize that once they are below the healthy Body Mass Index for their age group, it is extremely harmful to their health. Doctors say adult women that are â€Å"underweight (BMI less than 18.5) may be malnourished and develop digestive system issues, certain types of cancer, depression, type 2 diabetes, etc.† (â€Å"Body Mass Index†). For a model, looks seem to be everything, creating many issues concerning models and their way of losing weight. A huge majority of models develop eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, and binging disorders that can truly harm them. These dramatic ways of losing weight can have serious consequences, even as severe as death. By creating a weight standard, it would give models more room to be a bigger size and therefore be accepted because of it. It would also help in stopping the uncontrollable amount of eating disorders models have in the fashion industry. Many feel that a minimum model weight is discrimination against those who are naturally thin and not taking drastic measures to make themselves that way. Others say it is a profession that involves high risk to your health, which is the model’s life choice to make and not the client’s. Supporters also face the predicament of how to determine what the weight standard should be, since everyone has a different combination of body chemistry and height. It is true that models that are naturally thin could feel attacked when weight standards are enacted, but it is more important to ensure safety of models’ health and improve the physical standard in which young women look up to. It is also true that it is the decision of the model to risk their health, but if standards were established then models could feel accepted even at a heavier weight. Since everyone has a different body chemistry and height, standards would involve BMI (Body Mass Index), a system that measures both weight and height to determine how underweight or overweight one’s body is. The Health Of The Viewers

Chocolate in the Ivory Coast

In countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali children are sent away from their families to cocoa farms in exchange for promised money and other useful items for their family. Families will â€Å"send their children to work†, or basically sell, them for promised goods that are usually never received. Even though it is not slavery, there are still many moral problems with the cocoa farming. The children work long hours, in dangerous conditions, for usually nothing more than a bed to sleep in and minimal food to eat.Children from these poor countries are sent to The Ivory Coast in search of skills that will help them in life or help their family, but most of the time they are just taken advantage of. Cocoa farming in The Ivory coast is morally and ethically wrong because the children are taken advantage of and they are forced into a type of â€Å"slavery† The children that are taken from countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali are severely taken advanta ge of for many reasons.First of all, they are promised goods in exchange for their service that most of the time are not delivered or provided. Most of the time these services are just ploys to take these children into â€Å"slavery†. Most children go to work at the farms under the impression that they will learn skills or jobs that they can use to help their family. Most of the time the only skill they learn is how to pick and cut open cocoa beans.As well as being taken advantage of, the children are also forced into hard work that is only slightly different from slave labor. The hours are horribly long, and they rarely get breaks so they basically work all day. The conditions are dangerous, as the children are using sharp machetes in dense fields, and can often cut themselves or other workers. They are not paid, but work only for a bed to sleep in and a small amount of food.It is also seldom to find children that leave the farms because they do not know where to go or what to do. The small food and bed they get is better than starving on the streets for many of them. To conclude, the process of using child labor to farm cocoa in the ivory coast is a very labor intensive and dangerous process that children should not be doing. Families send their children to work at the farms and most of the time the children do not leave. This process violates several moral and ethical standards, and needs to be changed.

Cancer

Cancer Essay The problem is cancer. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world and my interest in the subject is simple. My mother is the most resilient person I have ever met. Any time I need any kind of inspiration, I need only to think of her. When she was eighteen she was diagnosed with Hodgkins disease. The doctors gave her a less than thirty percent chance of living. Since then she has had cancer three other times. Breast cancer twice in 85 and 90, and most recently, colon cancer two summers ago. She has had many different treatments including chemo and radiation therapy as well as surgery to remove lumps in both breasts and her colon. What is cancer? There are more than 100 different types of cancer. It occurs when cells become abnormal and divide without control or order. Normally, cells divide in an orderly way to produce more cells only when the body needs them. If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms. This mass of extra tissue, called a growth or tumor, can be benign or malignant. (National Institute of Health) Benign tumors are not cancer. They do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors usually can be removed and are seldom a threat to life. Malignant tumors are cancer. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Cancer can also break away from a malignant tumor and enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Through the lymphatic system is one of cancers best modes of transport for spreading to form new tumors in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis. Malignant tumors must be treated or will be fa tal. There are many treatments for cancer. Among these are radiation, chemotherapy, surgery and the rapidly growing field of genetic therapy. It was discovered that when radioactive waves were directed on human cells, the cells would be destroyed. The idea of using this technology on cancer was a good one but was unsuccessful at first due to the damage caused to surrounding tissues. Then the analogy drawn from a simple story gave insight on how to focus the rays on the cancer and not harm the surrounding tissues and organs. The story goes like this. A small country was ruled from a strong fortress by a dictator. The fortress was situated in the middle of the country, surrounded by farms and villages. Many roads led to the fortress through the countryside. A rebel general vowed to capture the fortress. The general knew that an attack by his entire army would capture the fortress. He gathered his army at the head of one of the roads, ready to launch a full-scale direct attack. However, the general then learned that the dictator had planted mines on each of the roads. The mines were set so that small bodies of men could pass over them safely, since the dictator needed to move his troops and workers to and from the fortress. However, any large force would detonate the mines. Not only would this blow up the road, but it would also destroy many neighboring villages. It therefore seemed impossible to capture the fortress. However, the general devised a simple plan. He divided his army into small groups and dispatched each group to the head of a different road. When all were ready he gave the signal and each group marched down a different road. Each group continued down its road to the fortress so that the entire army arrived together at the fortress at the same time. In this way, the general was able to capture the fortress and overthrow the dictator. READ: Picasso Persuasive EssayThis simple story was the basis for intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). This is a technique used to treat cancerous tumors on which a removal operation could not be performed. Interesting dose distributions generated by IMRT allow a better sparing of normal tissues with decreased acute and late toxicity, and offer a window for further dose escalations. (De Neve W; Claus F; Van Houtte P; Derycke S; De Wagter C) In order to get a radiation beam of high enough intensity to hit

Course reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Course reflection - Essay Example I learnt a lot of persuasive strategies including lexical features as well as images, logos, and color combinations. Assignment 1 inculcated a sense of being emotionally intelligent. I have learnt how to mould language and make use of different digital features to address my point rightly to the right person in the workplace. This assignment polished my critical analysis skills. Assignment 2 was a very important assignment from the professional point of view. One’s resume is one’s reflection before an employer, and so it has to be built very carefully and strategically. In Assignment 2, I not only learnt the way to make a resume but also the way to modify it according to the job I am applying for. Through this assignment, I learnt how to represent myself in writing and speak through writing. This assignment polished my technical and strategic skills. Assignment 3 was very important in the sense that it inculcated leadership and management skills in me. In organizations, leaders and managers have to regularly pass instructions to the followers and subordinates. This assignment helped me learn some effective design strategies and ways of passing instructions. I was weak in making memos and well-structured pamphlets before but now I am competent in it. Assignment 4 helped me take my writing skills to the next level. First I learnt how to write instructions, and then I learnt how to describe a process. I found some radical differences between the two. Having done this assignment, I can write operations in detail, assign responsibilities to the team members, and establish channels of communication as required. All of these are very important managerial skills. My career goals as a nurse are to be competent not only in delivering instructions to my colleagues and subordinates, but also to be emotionally intelligent, prudent, and caring toward the patients. This course has

Concert response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert response paper - Essay Example Musical performance was directed by Midiyanto and accompanied by the guest dance company called Lestari Indonesia. This unusual performance created a great opportunity to appreciate the power of traditional Javanese music in real life. Ladrang Wilujeng was the first piece performed during the concert. It was a good beginning because it introduced all spectators to unusual scales and harmonies used in traditional Javanese music. It was difficult to perceive the melody in the beginning because of its significant differences with Western music where rhythm and melody went together under any circumstances. However, after a couple of minutes there atmosphere in the hall changed; it was full of meditative vibes and made all spectators feel engaged in the performance. Harga Wisma followed the first piece and presented a good case of traditional Javanese vocal. The melody was very authentic and it made people feel as if they travelled to the place where the music was created. Gambyong Pareanom came next; it was a traditional Javanese dance performed by the troop of dancers who joined the musicians and helped them to showcase the best traditions of Javanese culture in one performance. The second part of the performance began with a cheerful sound of Gendhing Erang-Erang to Ladrang Opak Apem. That piece was quite emotional as it was followed by a vocal party. Unusual vocal joined by a number of Javanese musical instruments created a strong feeling of Javanese culture to all spectators. That piece was followed by a composition consisting of several pieces with gong cycles. All cycles were different due to the scale used and beat structures. Sampak was the best part of all because it was more dynamic and cheerful in its mood. There was a small vocal party between some of the pieces; it was interesting because only a small group of musicians followed the vocalist. It was great to hear all diverse and changing musical elements used in traditional Javanese Gamelan in

Why does ethnic conflict occur How can it be avoided Essay

Why does ethnic conflict occur How can it be avoided - Essay Example They usually fall under the following categories namely instrumentalist, primordialist and constructivist. Instrumentalist seeks to explain the role of community leaders in ethnic conflict while primordialist relates ethnic conflicts as being caused by a common feeling of kinship which makes a group to think along the same line. On the other hand constructivist tries to explain conflicts as being caused by individuals’ learning process1; however, most of the ethnic conflicts are largely caused by social and economic injustices. Gross violations of human rights have played a great role in fuelling ethnic violence; as a result, this has brought about a lingering question as to whether human rights can be enforced and at the same time end violence. Therefore, human rights have a strong negative effect in the management of ethnic conflicts. This has led to the establishment of the international criminal tribunal for Rwanda as well as the special courts for Sierra Leon as an indica tion of the need of involvement of the international community to address the issues of human rights violations.2 In the 1990s most ethnic conflict were religious base for instance the Palestinian-Israel conflict, Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, the Tamil rebellion in Sri Lanka, the southerners in the Sudan conflict with their northern counterparts just to mention but a few.3 Iran and Sudan are the best example of ethno religious conflicts, and this makes them attract international attention as well as journalistic and diplomatic coverage. The minority tag as in the case of the Kurds in Iran, Iraq and turkey is also a source of ethnic conflict due to their relationship with the state which is governed by the majority ethnic groups. This has exposed them to political and economic discrimination which has resulted in protest and rebellions to air their grievances. Consequently, they have resulted to the use of violent and rebellious organizations and other extra legal means geared towa rds attaining their rightful status in the society. The media is also to blame for ethnic conflicts that have occurred in various countries around the globe. This is owing to the fact that at times it abuses the freedom of speech and peddles propaganda pitting ethnic groups against each other, and a good example is on what happened in Rwanda and Yugoslavia.4 The media was used to fuel ethnic animosity against the minority Tutsi in Rwanda that resulted in the death of thousands of Tutsi civilians. Furthermore, the absence of a democratic government leads to formation of violent organization by the minority group e.g. in Sudan. Democracy ensures that the minority goals are achieved through a democratic process, and gives room for due process to be followed be it legal means or peaceful organizations. Therefore, the lack of proper democracy being practiced in a country makes violence to be the last resort.5 Mobilization of ethnic groups has also played a major role in fuelling ethnic c lashes, which can take the form of being offensive, defensive and preparatory that are all to blame for ethnic uprising. As a result, it leads to the formation of unruly militia groups that bring chaos in the society. Preparatory mobilization is highly counterproductive while at the same time creates unnecessary ethnic tension considering that some minor flare up in most cases leads to ethnic conflict due to this nature of preparedness. Ethnic security dilemma whereby there is no sovereign authority to oversee the security of every group security is another major factor that leads to conflicts. The government may be weak or entirely absent which creates a situation where the respective group acquires a group concern of feeling threatened, as

Article Review (Shopping for Privacy on the Internet) Coursework

Article Review (Shopping for Privacy on the Internet) - Coursework Example He emphasized the fact that consumers would not be handed privacy on a silver platter but rather they must become vigilant in their demand for Web site operators to adhere to their demand for privacy. Professors Pitt and Watson (2007) respond to Nehf’s (2007) article by utilizing an ‘ecosystem approach’ to explore the various elements of privacy. Not only do they examine relations amongst the three main participants in the privacy interactions, namely, ‘citizen/consumer/investor, government and corporation’ but also the reasons for the lack of success of the market system to protect the privacy of all stakeholders. Nehf (2007) commences his article by emphasizing that the brunt of the responsibility of protecting consumer privacy is in the hands of the individual. The individual is the one who has to attempt to reduce the risks involved in submitting personal information to any public site. Particularly, on the World Wide Web the customer’s personal information may be used by unscrupulous Web site organizers. Although ‘federal (and a few state) laws’ limit the utilization of some personal information, these restrictions are full of exceptions and many of the internet transactions are not even ‘subject to state or federal privacy laws’(Nehf 2007, p.351- 352). Interestingly, Nehf (2007) highlighted the superficial form of concern that online businesses appear to have in protecting the privacy of their consumers. These businesses profess to collect a minute amount of data on the customer which will be kept safe from predators vandalizing this data. Consistent with this apparent concern for the protection of consumers’ privacy by online businesses, consumers also are genuinely concerned with ‘identity theft’ and the possible humiliation of having their private affairs published for all and sundry to peruse. Thus, consumers attempt to protect themselves by submitting as little information as possible to these

WEEK 2 PERCPTION KEYS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WEEK 2 PERCPTION KEYS - Assignment Example Impressionist majorly used asymmetrical balance in their paintings. This majorly helped them capture a good judgment on immediacy. They made their paintings in such a manner that one item visually balanced another item perfectly (Martin& Jacobus, 2011). Symmetry has been effectively used in Edouard Manet’s painting, ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergere. It features in few images in the painting. For example, the woman at the counter. The effect puts the lady and her job as the major aim of the painting as other objects have not been clearly brought out. Asymmetry has been effectively used in Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s painting, ‘Luncheon of the Boating Party’. He focuses more on the people at the table but still visibly shows that the boat had a number of people. The aim of the painter might have been to show what was served on tables apart from people just being in a party mood. If I was to purchase one of the paintings, I would choose Claude Monet’s Impression Sunrise. This is because of the tranquil feeling it has to the observer. The choice of color is perfect enough to create a tranquil feeling or rather a feeling of tenderness. The painting is so simple but speaks volumes. Arguments that might support the views of critics that emphasize that documentary photographers have made interesting social documents compared to works of art are that the photos majorly footage people in their usual circumstances. They are devoted to presenting the way of life of the deprived or needy people. In addition to that, documentary photography is capable of motivating and enabling people to view the humankind and what happens around us. The photos keep one informed of a lot. On the other hand, documentary photographers also have made interesting artwork compared to social documents. Documentary photography as an artwork has been criticized by many. Some have apprehended upon the emotionless and substance aspects of the

Theory of the Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Theory of the Firm - Essay Example Although it is very difficult to suggest which, out of these two is a better structure, but one can clearly identify the merits of each structure. In the U-Form or Unitary form, organizations are broken up into separate departments for each process, for example, separate department for marketing, finance and production. The manager or head of each department reports to the chief executive of the organization, whose function is to co-ordinate the activities of each department, relaying the firm's overall strategy to them and being responsible for inter-departmental communication. Although, this structure is very efficient till the firm is of certain size, but it can lead to inefficiencies as the organization grows. These inefficiencies are: communication difficulties, coordination and control and it become difficult to manage the entire organization from the centre. Another structure which results in the firm being able to overcome these problems is called M-Form or multi-divisional form of internal structure. In this structure, the firm is divided a number of divisions. Each division could be responsible for particular group or group of products or a particular market. The day to day running and even certain long term decision of each division would be the responsibility of the divisional managers. Many people argue that M-Form is better than U-Form structure because it reduces the length of information flows. It also relieves the C.E.O of the coordination activities and he can focus on overall strategic planning. It also increases professional competition between the departments, which lead them to be more efficient. Each department runs as mini firm and try to utilize resources efficiently which increases the efficiency of the entire firm. (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2001) All these benefits that come-out as a result of M-Form structure lead many managers into believing that it is actually better than U-Form structure. But after careful and deep analysis one cannot say that it is good for firms of any size. If this structure is followed by an organization of small size than they would face various problems, such as, it can very bureaucratic with many forms of layers of managers. Managers might pursue goals that conflict with those of shareholders or head office. As a result, some companies in recent years have moved back from M-Form structure to much flatter U-Form structure. So, in the end we can conclude that M-Form is not better than U-Form structure. It is the situation and culture in the firm that is being followed determines which system is going to more useful for the organization and, one cannot say that M-Form is necessarily better than U- Form structure. In the end, we can safely conclude that M-Form or U-Form structure themselves are not the best, but it is the flexibility of the firm which makes any structure good or bad. Some times you need to have a flatter structure, whereas at the other times, decentralization works the best. I recommend that any firm that is governed with flatter and more responsive structure will do much better than the firm with big span of control, as it would make it easier to control the subordinates and keep check and balance on the firm's activities. ESSAY # 2 Structure conduct performance model is used to link various factors in the economic environment that affect the performance of the business. It also links the various

The role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth Essay How would an audience in the time if Shakespeare reacts to the role of the Supernatural and Witchcraft in Macbeth? William Shakespeare wrote The Scottish Play to celebrate the Coronation Of James I of England who was also James VI of Scotland. Elizabeth I had just died and common beliefs and prophecies were taking a major part in peoples livelihood. Two imparticular, which were such as the Supernatural and Witchcraft. This was all starting to take place within the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1533 1603) The public were increasingly occupied with speculations and legends of people being called Witches just because they were slightly different in some way or form. In 1564 a law came in force to prevent Witchcraft from taking place. Murder by Witchcraft would become punishable by death, thus acknowledging witches with supernatural powers. It is estimated that in Scotland alone 8,000 so-to-be witches were burned to death between 1564 and 1603. In 1604 an additional law was passed in Scotland, which declared anyone found to be practising Witchcraft should be executed. James I himself became personally involved with Witchcraft. James I then went on to publish work about Witchcraft Demonology in 1597. Although some people rebelled against this persecution, the belief in witches was widespread, and continued to the last execution in the late 17th century. Adding to the hatred of Witchcraft was the fact that the country at that time was Christian. This also gave the country a literal belief in Heaven and Hell so the audience would have been horrified to hear the witches chant. Fair is foul and foul is fair With their religious beliefs in that time, for them this moral reversal will have come as a horrifying shock to hear this being spoken on stage. Scotland was not the only country which Witchcraft took over peoples life. In Salem U.S.A, there were the famous Salem Witch-Trials. It started from to girls accusing someone of being a witch and that person was executed due to this accusation. Soon, others people started accusing others for little disputes and also friends and family were accusing each other and this continued so much most of the villagers were accused and put to death. These trials were so famous and still are, several books were written about this yet the most famous one written by Arthur Miller called The Crucible. They believed that witches could do many things such as create the death of a person, but, it was also believed that they could not murder them. It was also believed that they could sail in a sieve which is shown with the sentence from one of the witches Sail in sieve Ill thither sail, I give thee wind This also shows another power of the witches that they could create any weather that would suit them. When shall we meet again? In thunder, lightening or rain? This does not become different from another sentence in the play until you notice the question mark at the end which could mean that they already know when they are going to meet but the question is what weather would they like to meet in and so one of the witches can create this system. A witch would also have what is called a familiar. These would be such as black cats, frogs and toads or a black bird like a sparrow. These were said to of being given to them from the devil as a link to the underworld. These all caused fascination within the public as seen in Salem but also with royalty with Queen Elizabeth I starting the fascination and James I continuing this onwards. I think that the audience in the theatre would react cautiously to the moral reversal chanted by the witches. The people of that time were mostly Christians it went against their beliefs and so would have been Horrified and shock From the opening scene in the play Shakespeare establishes the true fact that this will be based around witches and the supernatural. Following from this Shakespeare reflects on what they believed witches were able to do. These are such as change the weather; this is reflected by the question that the witches ask. The question they ask each other is in what weather they would like to meet in. When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightning or rain? By adding the question mark, this tells us that they have already decided where and when, but they will purposely choose what weather and by one of the powers that witches were believed to have they will make this weather system arrive for when they have planned to meet. The witches then go on to speak of another quality that they were believed to have and that is a link to the underworld, familiars. Familiars are such as black cats, frogs and toads, sparrows. These are said to be their link to the devil. The witches speak of a grey cat and toad. I come Greymalkin! Paddock Calls The Greymalkin being a grey cat and Paddock a toad. The scene closes with one of the main themes of the play. Fair is foul and foul is fair This is what the witches believe and preach. It means that anything which is good (Fair) is bad (Foul), but if anything is Evil (Foul) to them it is good (Fair). This is a moral reversal and also a paradox of what we believe in the world today. The closing of the scene is where Shakespeare brings Macbeth into the play but does not allow the audience to see him. The audience would now be wondering what kind of a man Macbeth is. Is he a person of the supernatural because the first people to speak about him are the witches, or possibly is he a good man but because of what the witches believe in and will they try and bring his death to him?. In the second scene Shakespeare uses this to establish the fact that there is a battle going on with Scotland and Norway at that time. The audience is then informed via a bloody captain that it was not certain that Scotland would win the battle until Macbeth appears, and the captain quotes For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name The audience are also informed of the bravery of Macbeth and Banquo. From this point Shakespeare also uses dramatic irony, this is used where Macbeth is told that the Thane of Cawdor has been claimed as a traitor to his country and so shall be executed. The reason that this is called irony is that the audience already know that Macbeth will be crowned Thane of Cawdor, but Macbeth is unaware of this. Shakespeare at the beginning of scene three brings in the witches again and proves to everyone that they really are witches and also that they possess the powers that people believed they could possess. Shakespeare also shows how petty, vengeful and impatient that they could be, A sailors wife had chestnuts in her lap, And munched, and munched, and munched-Give me, Quoth I, Aroint thee witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master o th Tiger. Now that the witches have appeared the audience will now be waiting impatiently for the appearance of Macbeth. The audience know that Macbeth will be appearing soon due to what the witches quoted in the first scene. When Macbeth appears and makes his first speech, he will shock the audience and give an instant impression on the audience. So foul and fair a day I have not seen This could be irony for the future of Macbeth may this be what happens to him on the future, This will shock the audience as this is very similar to what the witches chanted as their main theme and so Macbeth would be associated with the witches and be influenced on their doings. What Macbeth really means by this, is that the weather is foul but it is an air day due to Scotland winning the battle. When the witches are talking to Macbeth and Banquo, Banquo is curious and confused why Macbeth should be concerned when the witches prophet good news to Macbeth. However the witches have seemed to put him in a trance-like state when he is told that he will become king and this brings Banquo into a imagery of clothing and uses this to make the point that Macbeth is in a trance-like rapt. The witches then turn to Banquo and make three claims to him. Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. Not so happy, yet much happier Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none After these claims to Banquo the witches seem to disappear into thin air and Banquo is very suspicious of them unlike Macbeth. Macbeth has deep and dark desires and thinks about Banquos children becoming king as if this could have some threat to Macbeths future. After their first acquaintance with the witches, Angus and Ross appear with news for Macbeth. The news that they have brought to Macbeth is that the Thane of Cawdor has been declared a traitor to Scotland and so he will become Thane of Cawdor himself. This is ironic because this is one of the claims the witches have given to Macbeth. Macbeth then startles the audience when he says that greatest is behind and means that all that is left for him to achieve is to get onto the throne. This will also tell the audience that even the best of men can be tempted by evil. Banquo though refers to the devil as evil and so represents good in the moral reversal that is about to take place in both of them. And oftentimes, to win us our harm, The instruments of darkness tells us truths, Win us with honest trifles, so betrays In deepest consequence. When Macbeth speaks his first major soliloquy the audience finally get to hear his innermost thoughts as he asks himself questions, Two truths are told Of the imperial theme I thank you gentlemen. This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in truth? I am Thane of Cawdor. If, good why do I yield to that suggestion, Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, Against the look of nature? Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings? My thought whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single state of man, that function Is smothered in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. It is Macbeth who mentions murder, even though the witches have mentioned nothing of the sort and so this shows that this is suggestion is one that Macbeth has thought of himself. He also decides that it is not a possibility that it will come to murder. If chance will have me king, why chance may crown me Without my stir. And also that he will leave it to chance whether he will become king or not. Come what come may, Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. This then leaves the audience with a sense of hope that Macbeth is not going to allow him to be tempted. It is when Duncan declares his oldest son, Malcolm, as his heir to the throne Macbeths attitude to the throne changes and so instead of waiting for the chance to become king he now sees Malcolm as an obstacle to himself and there from another short soliloquy he allows the audience to now he has evil desires inside and so prays that the stars should not shine on his evil desires. The Prince of Cumberland that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, For in my way it lies, stars hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand: yet let that be, Which the eye fears when it is done to see. He does this because stars are a form of light and light represents goodness. We now start to think that this maybe the start of Macbeths evil paths coming to light, it is then that Lady Macbeth is introduced. Lady Macbeth delighted by her husbands letter, she knows MAcbeth is ambitious to get on the throne but also realises that he lacks the ruthlessness needed to get there. She knows he only wants to win his honours honestly, would like to be king but will not cheat to gain the throne. A messenger informs Lady Macbeth of the kings immanent arrival and she is then very excited and sees this as a perfect opportunity to get Macbeth on the throne. She then speaks a horrid and for the audience a shocking prayer to evil spirits. Come you sprits That tends on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe-top full Of direst cruelty: make thick my blood, Stop up th access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between Th effect and it. Come to my womens breasts, And take my milk for gull, you murdring Ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on natures mischief. Come thick Night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry Hold, hold! This prayer from Lady Macbeth is shocking to the audience because of the language that she uses. Here she is asking for the evil spirits to come to her and to fill her from the crown to the toe-top full with evil and replace her milk into bitterness and evil. She has prayed for this because she has decided that she will not let this opportunity to pass of becoming Queen. She has also prayed for this as she knows that Macbeth has not got the evil and ruthlessness inside him to carry out the murder. Lady Macbeth has also asked for it to be a dark night and so that the stars and heaven can not see her do this deed because the light and heaven are representations of goodness. So, when the arrival of Macbeth occurs, she then shocks the audience again but also Macbeth when declaring that Duncan will not see the morning. She has the idea of deception. O never shall sun that morrow see Lady Macbeth has now totally committed herself to the deed and has not given Macbeth any chance of changing her mind. She is entirely devoted to now becoming Queen and will not by any means let this prospect surpass. Macbeth is now in two minds and delivers a soliloquy to the audience to let them know exactly what he is feeling like and what he is wrestling with in his internal conflict. that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here, We still have judgement here, Hes here in double trust: as his host, Who should against his murderer shut the door, Not bear the knife myself. his virtues Will plead like angels I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself, And falls on th other - He admits the only thing driving him is ambition and informs Lady Macbeth that he will not murder Duncan. But he gives her different excuses than what he really feels so that he does not appear weak in her eyes. Lady Macbeth then launches a powerful harangue on Macbeth, accusing him of exactly what he did not want, and that is to be accused of not being a man. She goes on to create an atrocious image of her killing her baby and appears to have joined the forces of evil and she will surely not let this opportunity of becoming Queen Pass. She now appears to have had her wish of being filled with evil fulfilled. ..I have given suck, and know How tender tis to love the babe that milks me- I would while it was smiling in my face Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this. The people of the time of Shakespeare believed that the witches could cause hallucinations and this is what occurred to Macbeth when he sees a dagger coming towards him. Macbeths mind is filling of dark and evil desires and is also tormented by images of blood, fear, and the unknown. Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Mine eyes are made the fools o th other senses, Macbeth now explains that he is sure that this dagger which he sees in front of him is definitely a false creation and is not real but a hallucination. Macbeth then personifies murder and feels he is going to do a deed similar to what someone else did before him yet in different circumstances. With Tarquins ravishing strides, towards his design Moves like a ghost. Murder is against Macbeths nature and against the natural order of thing. The darkness is Shakespeares way of using language to symbolise evil powers rising up against the powers of goodness and light. Macbeth wonders whether he is going insane where symbolizing all the evil building up in Macbeth heart. He then decides to take out the murder and so maybe he has decided to carry out the murder because he really is an evil man as possibly he didnt need the influence of the witches to take out the deed. Or possibly he is acting on impulse and without thinking it through properly or he is still under the influence of them. The first sign of Lady Macbeths conscience is when they come to kill Duncan but cannot because she thinks that Duncan looks like her father. Th attempt and not the deed Confounds us. Hark! I laid their daggers ready, He could not missem. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet. This gives the audience a slight indication that evil has not totally taken over her and in the end good will triumph over evil. Macbeth slays Duncan as he is sleeping and sleeping is often referred to as innocence. He horrified himself by the fact that he could not say Amen. At this point the audience do not know whether the deed has been done, so, this is even more proof that Macbeth had done the deed. In the time of Shakespeare it was believed that if you did a deed like this the devil would take your soul and would stop you from saying anything that would be linked to Christianity. This would have horrified both the audience and himself because then Christian beliefs were essential and this would have been an essential part of their belief. Lady Macbeth then decides to take over the situation and tells Macbeth to wash his hands but he then fears for a blood-stained soul. Macbeth has destroyed the natural order of things and knows himself must pay. .Go get some water, And wash this filthy witness from your hand. Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead Are but as pictures. Tis the eye of childhood That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt. Lennox then talks of the night of Duncans death and tells us about the rough night gone past. The night would have been done by nature to warn everybody that unnatural things are going on (e.g. the death of Duncan).They have broken the natural order of things in ways that horses have eaten each other the weather was terrible And also as the owl was sweeping through the air like a hawk whereas owls normally fly close to the ground. This was not classed as a familiar but an evil bird due to it only coming out at night and night equals evil. The night has been unruly. Where we lay Our chimneys were blown down, and as they say, Lamentings heard I th air, strange screams of death, A falcon towering in her pride of place Was a mousing owl hawks at, and killed. And Duncans horses a thing most strange and Beauteous and swift, the minions if their race, Turns wild in nature, broke their stalls, flung out, Contending gainst obedience, as they would make War with mankind. Tis said they eat each other. On discovery of Duncans body Macduff uses imagery which goes beyond the facts of murder and talks of unleashed chaos and a sacrilegious deed. This is a sacrilegious deed due to the king being believed to have been appointed by god and so this was so bad it would have been like destroying a church or other religious building. This was claimed to have unleashed chaos because it looks like someone has not just stabbed Duncan but has continued to do so with force many times. Also the body is so bad to view Macduff claims that you would turn you to stone like a new gorgon. Confusion now hath made his masterpiece. Most sacrilegious murder hath broken open The lords anointed temple and stole thence The life o th building! Approach the chamber, and destroy your sight With a new Gorgon. Do not bid me speak. See, and then speak yourselves. The quote that a new Gorgon is in reference to a Greek goddess that had snakes for hair and if you saw her you would turn to stone and Macduff says that if you saw the body of Duncan you would turn to stone as the sight is so ghastly. When Macbeth first kills the guards this may be the point where he may not be sticking to the plan. This would in fact be worse for him due to nobody will not be able to give evidence. Scene four tells us what has really happened. However, there is much stress on the unnaturalness of the murder and how it has begun to poison nature. The forces of evil seem to be at work due to it been dark like night when it is supposed to be light. It is believed that it was light due to good not being able to look down on the death because it is ashamed to see the body of Duncan. Banquo is representing good and apart from Macbeth is the only other person that knows about the witches prophecies. Macbeth is concerned about Banquo coming to the truth in his mind because he is a very intelligent person. Also Macbeth is obsessed about the witches prophet that one of Banquos children will become King. Macbeth tells us about why he is afraid of Banquo and he orders the death of Banquo but also Banquos son Fleance just to make sure that no one else could become king soon. In the soliloquy Macbeth tells us about Banquos good and strong points but also that he feels he has sold his soul to the devil for the sake of Banquos children and he has done it for no purpose of his own and all for nothing. No son of mine succeeding. Ift be so. For Banquos issue I have filed my mind, For them the gracious Duncan have I murdered To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings Even now Lady Macbeth also thinks the same as Macbeth, that now they are King and Queen they have done it all for nothing. Naughta had, alls spent. Macbeth tells us of the nightmares that he has which stops him from sleeping. This was another point on which it was believed that the witches could cause this and stop people from sleeping altogether. There is also a growing distance between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. He starts to hint to her that something terrible will be done, but deliberately chooses not to tell her and even deceives her by telling her to pay particular attention to Banquo at the feast. Perhaps this is because he wants to protect her or because he wants to show her that he is a man and is capable of acting on his own. The final words of this scene are important and ominous. Macbeths words give the audience an insight to what is really going on in his mind. Macbeth tells us that his wickedness grows stronger and even more vicious. He has now committed himself to the path of evilness and he has now gone too far to turn back on the right road. The scene of Banquos murder is a scene of where we see the most references to good and light overpowering darkness and evil. Give us a light there, ho Evil is a force that is equals darkness and this is also when the murder is going to take place. By this Banquo who represents good, asks for more light. By this Shakespeare uses this as a metaphor of good overpowers evil. When Macbeth orders the murder of Banquo and Fleance it seems to the audience that evil will overpower good and Macbeth who now represents evil will come through. At the murder scene Banquo is killed and Fleance escapes and so lets the audience realise that evil may not totally take over and the witches predictions were indeed the truth. O treachery! Fly good Fleance, fly, fly, fly! Thou mayst revenge. O slave! One reason why they also may ask for more light is that Banquo represents good and that represents light, so when Banquo is killed some of the light will have dimmed, so there is less light. In the next scene there is a banquet in Macbeths castle and Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo and this could be caused by the witches, as it was believed that they could cause hallucinations and they may cause this. Which of you have done this? His quote asks the others which of them have played this trick on him; also he is asking who has killed Banquo, although he knows totally well that in a sense he has killed him. This hallucination is caused by his guilt and has been sent by the witches to torment him and drive him insane. The banquet is now totally in turmoil, and chaos has broken out. This may also represent how Macbeths reign will affect the country and what may happen in the future to scotland. Lady Macbeth says that she cannot tell whether it is day or night, which is apparent to Macbeth also. They cannot tell whether it is day or night but also they cannot tell good from evil. This is similar to what the witches said. Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair. Act three scene six again allows Shakespeare to inform the audience of the state that Scotland is in under the reign of Macbeth. May soon return to this our suffering country Under a hand accursed The next act is where we see an important view of the witches. They throw their nauseous ingredients into the charmed pot; they talk in rhyme giving the impression of them creating a magic spell being chanted. Eye of newt, and toe of frog, Adders fork, and blind-worms sting, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble. Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble. These here are just some of the nauseous ingredients they put into their pot. Their gruel is also an image of confusion and reflects Elizabethan beliefs about the nature of the world and the relationship between good and evil. The witches refer to Macbeth as something wicked and so this may say that they quite like him. I have made this prediction due to the quote. Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair When they refer to Macbeth as something wicked they are almost saying that he is worse than them. By the pricking of my thumbs, Something wicked this way comes: Open locks, Whoever Locks. Macbeth is determined to know his future, and the witches are also determined to use Macbeths human failings and readiness to use their predictions as a way of destroying him. Macbeth, Macbeth, Macbeth, beware Macduff, Beware the Thane of Fife. Dismiss me. enough This is a warning to Macbeth that he must beware of the Thane of Fife, or as the Thane of Fife, Macduff. Macbeth takes this as it is said and is aware of Macduff. Macbeth has another Apparition come to him and gives him this warning; .laugh to scone The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth. This warning to Macbeth says that he should be aware of any person not born of a woman. Macbeth takes this as everyone is born of women and there is no possibility of him been moved off the throne. .Macbeth shall never vanquished be, until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill. This is a warning to Macbeth that he will only be taken off the throne when Birnam wood moves up to Dunsinane Castle where Macbeth lives. When Macbeth hears this he interpretates it as the wood will pickup its roots and walk up to the castle. He then instantly thinks that he has no problem of been taken off the throne until he dies. First he requests one more view, and this is that he wants to find out who will take the throne after him. Macbeth is then shown a line of eight kings. These are not too important to Macbeth at first until he notices that they all resemble Banquo. This is his worst fear that no-one of his ownfamily is going to carry on the family in his name and so Banquo will be not so happy, yet much happier. This tells Macbeth that all this that he has done was all for nothing and brought more pain to him and his wife that they would have had without the deeds they have committed. Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo. Down! Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs; In Act four scene two we see the only other female character apart from Lady Macbeth, Lady Macduff. She is the total opposite to Lady Macbeth, as she is caring, gentile and also a loving mother and wife. She is very close to her child and Macduff, and she is loyal to them both. Lady Macduff is not interested in politics and has no deep and dark desires. The murdering of Lady Macduff and all her children would be deeply shocking to the audience especially with it been carried out on stage. They are all honest and innocent so their deaths would be needless. This shows how low Macbeth has got and how badly he has sunk in terms of morality. They do however; serve to determine Macduff to seek revenge and to swear to kill the tyrant. I have done no harm Act four scene three enlightens the audience as to the character that Macbeth has now become. He has now become a complete contrast to what he was at the start of the Scottish play. For brave Macbeth well he deserves that name On receiving the news about the murder of his family Macduff is urges by Malcolm to enrage his heart and get revenge on Macbeth. I grant him bloody, Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful, Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin That has a name. There are also points to prove about how Macbeth is running the country and in what state it is in. Stands Scotland where it did? Alas, poor country! Act five scene one is the last time that we see Lady Macbeth and she is still complete contrast to what we see of her in the beginning. She is suffering like the prediction she made after the death of Duncan. This is that she told Macbeth that if he kept on thinking about it then he would drive himself insane and loose control and go mad. She has done exactly that, and spends her nights sleep-walking and has ordered that light is to be with her all the time especially at night. How came she by that light? Why it stood by her. She has a light by her Continually, tis her command. Could this possibly mean that she needs light around her, or could we say, she needs goodness around her, to protect her possibly? When she is sleepwalking she goes to the bathroom to try and wash off a dammed spot of blood on her hand. This is another contrast of Lady Macbeth where at first she said, a little water cleans us of this deed. She is now in her own private hell full of blood, fog and filthy air. She is now pitiful, terrified or going to hell and yet realising there is no escape of going to hell so she can prepare for the arrival. She then takes herself back into time and makes references to the murders of Banquo and Lady Macduff. It is possible that if Macbeth has told her about these murders, she would have tried to stop the murders indefinitely. She may of tried to stop these, as these were not apart of her plan when they became king and queen. The thane of Fife had a wife; where is she now? What will these hands neer be clean? I tell you yet again Banquos buried; he Cannot come out ons grave. The doctor that is looking after her has now realised that Lady Macbeth does not need a doctor, but also that he cannot do anything for her, as she really needs someone much more powerful than him, a Priest, a phychiatrist. This is the last that we hear of Lady Macbeth but we do hear that she takes her own life. This would say to the audience that good will always overpower evil and there is a severe price to pay for taking the evil road. Macbeth hints to the audience and that he is ready for death and to go to hell. But he is determined not to go without a fight and until every piece of flesh has been gauchely teared off his raw bones. Shakespeare shows that he is ready to die by using imagery of withering leaves. I have lived long enough. My way of life Is fallen into the sear, the yellow leaf; Yet he still asks for his armour so to not die without a last fight. This brings us back to his attitude at the beginning. At the beginning he was loyal strong and was brave. You could say he was being brave here or is he just taking an early exit to death. Ill fight, till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armour. The final scenes reveal to the audience and Macbeth the equivocation that the witches used to give Macbeth an idea of his future. oftentimes, to win us to our hard, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betrays in deepest consequence. Macbeth hears a shriek and says he as almost forgotten what it is to be afraid. He refers to the night of Duncans murder and that then even the slightest noise appalled him. He receives the news of his wifes death with apparent complete differences a huge contrast to the beginning. He suggests that almost his wifes death is almost a complete inconvenience to him that she has died when he is in the middle of a battle. She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. He realises that life is only a shadow a fleeting thing that is meaningless like the sound and fury of an idiots tale. He decides that his life has been all for nothing. The final unravelling of the prophecies would be of great interest to the audience serving a whole moral purpose. The witches did not exactly lie to Macbeth, but maybe twisted them so he had to work the rest out himself and they may have done this to see what explanation Macbeth came up with. They didnt tell him the whole truth and didnt lie but made their predictions interpretable in different ways. The interpretation that Macbeth makes of these was the wrong ones. But his interpretation appealed to his ignorance, greed and wisdom. When one of his messengers tells him that Birham wood is coming to Dunsinane, he realises that he interpretated them wrong and the witches had tricked him, just like his good companion said they would in the first act. Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things do sound di fair? I th name of truth Are ye fantastical, or that indeed Macbeth even though realising his fate still is determined to die like a soldier. Why should I play the Roman fool, and die On mine own sword? Whiles I see lives, the gashes Do better upon them. Macbeth then realises his castle is been attacked and defeated, he now realises that he is tied to the stake and cannot escape. Here though he still clings to the apparitions and to the fact that no man not born of a woman can hurt him. He is confronted by Macduff turn hell-bound but Macbeth hints that he does, somewhere, still have the remnants of a conscience my souls too much chargd with blood of thine already Macduff is desperate to avenge the deaths of all his family and tells Macbeth that if he is not to fight that he must surrender and they will then put him on show like a rare monster. Macbeth can not bear this torture and decides to fight. He then also tells Macduff that he might as well as give up as he owns a charmed life because he cannot be harmed by anyone born of a woman. Macduff respond with a quote that would shock the audience and horrify Macbeth. This is that he was born not of a woman but from his mothers womb untimely rippd This tells us that Macduff was not born naturally but tells us that he was born caesarean birth and that he was ripped earlier than a normal birth from his mothers womb. By now Macbeth has finally realised everything that the witches said and he is furious with them but really he should only be furious with himself because of his own interpretation of the apparitions. And be these juggling fiends no more believed, That palter with us in a double sense: That keep the word of promise in our ear, And break it to our hope. Ill not fight with thee. Macduff goes on to kill Macbeth and this also is true to what the apparition prophesised. Beware Macduff, beware the Thane of Fife By this Malcolm is rightfully restored to his rightful position, King of Scotland.

Impact of International Regimes on Nature of States

Impact of International Regimes on Nature of States To what extent can international regimes change the nature of states’ interactions and provide a solution to intra-state wars? Abstract In this essay, I am arguing that the international regimes can cause a limited change to the nature of the states because of the state sovereignty and legitimacy. However, it is hard to distinguish the limit of the change of the traditional state by the influence of the international regimes. For example if a country wants to become a member of European Union or Schengen agreement has to meets the requirements of the organization. Usually if the country is not meeting the requirement, the organization is giving a deadline to the country to do some reforms and developments in the governance. The limit of the organization is that the state can decide to not follow their rules and simply to not become a member. According to Krasner’s definition, â€Å"regime is more than set of rules presupposed a high level of institutionalization† (Saideman, S. and Zahar, Marie-Joelle, (2008) Intra-state Conflict, Governments and Security; Routledge). International regimes are globalized and interconnected. The international organizations are challenging the state sovereignty and have an impact on it in realms as security, economy, environment and culture. International organizations can be a solution for intra-state wars. Other solutions can be self-help, democratization, guarantor, the use of military forces to decrease the violence, elites, reducing all types of inequality etc. Introduction Globalization as a feature of international regimes is challenging the traditional governance and it is weakening it process. Countries are depending on each other and every little change in a particular country may lead to a worldwide transformation because of increasing globalization and high interconnectedness. The International regimes have effect on the policy decision-making and are monitoring the policy implementation. Each political theory has a different view about the effect of the international regimes. The Civil society concept and the international organizations such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and non-profitable organizations (NPOs) are advocating human rights, explaining to people why voting is important and giving them more clear vision of the world. The international regimes regulate the world beyond state borders. The regimes can change the state sovereignty through international organization‘s rules; can have influence to the state by civil socie ty, NGOs, pressure groups etc. but cannot take decisions instead of the state governance or to run the policy-making process. If a state is a member of a certain organization (UN, NATO, EU etc.) the state has to face the participation requirements and to follow the rules of the organization. Each member has the same rights; equality in voting, rights to speak up, benefits etc. there is no separatism between the states (small, big, poor, rich countries). The state sovereignty cannot be changed, because there is no one that can take decisions but the governance. No one can forcibly make the government to reform the policy or do any other reformation (political, social, economy, environmental etc.). If the state disagrees to follow the rules of the organization it cannot become its member, but it’s a state decision to become or not a member of a certain organization. The role of United Nations Founded after the World War à Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  , The United Nations purpose is to prevent wars and to create a safe environment for the people. The main UN aims are world peace, minimizing poverty, human rights, freedom and solving environmental issues. Shortly, the UN has an impact on political, economic and environmental realms. Members of the UN have a sovereign equality and the right to vote whether is rich, poor, small or big country. All members must support, help the UN and follow the rules. One of the rules is to avoid using force, to keep a peaceful environment and to solve the differences through dialogs or other peaceful methods. The role of one of the principles organs the UN Security Council is to keep the world peace and to solve international security issues. The Security Council has 15 members, 5 permanent and 10 other countries changing every two years. The five permanent countries, the Great Powers (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US) have veto power, whi ch means, the decision can be taken if and only if all of the members agree; if even one of the five countries disagrees the decision is going to be blocked. The Great Powers decisions can change each member sovereignty trough changing the organization constitution or reforming the rules. The UN is constructed by sovereign states, so for example actions about fund agreement depend on the UN members, so they are controlling the agenda entirely. The Global Civil Society and NGOs The Global Civil society is a norm of the good, protection and a voice for the voiceless. The main contexts are personal autonomy, self-organization, globalization and global interconnectedness thus global civil society is more transnational rather than domestic. The Civil society is proclaiming human rights, moral, human’s development etc. They are supporting those which rights and voice are limited or do not have at all, because freedom is one of the main features of the society concept. The Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the non-profitable organizations (NPOs) are usually linked up with volunteering and charity. They are independent from the government and they rely on their own funds. The NGOs can work in every level–regional, national or international. Usually, the NGOs are private and that means they are always working for profit (opposite: governmental – working for the society good) but all these NGOs, NPOs, Civil society are Private but non pr ofitable, so all of them are working for improving humans life, proclaiming human rights, moral valuables, integration, environmental and cultural issues. The Intra –state wars solution Before finding the right solutions of the intra-state wars, we have to be clear about the concept and how the intra-state war occurs. At first, we have to know the difference between the intra-state war and the inter-state war. The intra-state war is between citizens of one country, they can be different ethnic groups, to have dissimilar views about a certain issue etc. Usually, the conflict leads to violence between the state army and the non-state group or groups (terrorist organizations or rebels). The conflict is affecting only the country but it is possible to have international effect. Interstate war is a conflict between two or more states, which are using their national military forces against each other in an aggressive and violent way. The intra-state wars occur in a particular state between their citizens. There are several reasons why intra-state wars occur. A reason can be different points of view about elections or how the state has to be run by the government. The reason can be related to occupying a part of the state by a particular group or trying to make a certain area independent. Also, it can be about political or governance reformation. It is possible intra-state war to occur between ethic and religion groups based on cultural, religion and economic differences. The Civil wars are long lasting and usually end up with a lot of deaths and used resources which is a benefit for the country producing weapons. In 19th and 20th century, the intra-state wars have been decreased because of the centralized governments. The Great Powers (UK, Habsburg Austria, Prussia, France, and Russia) have been involved in the conflicts by supporting the running government with the purpose to prevent violence escalation and to stop the war. Every case of war has different actors, concepts, issues and respectively different. The common thing is that each government has to think about the security of the state citizens. That is important because that would prevent mass murders and radical violence between the groups which are involved in. One of the main government obligation is to provide a â€Å"safe and secure environment† (Saideman, S. and Zahar, Marie-Joelle; (2008) Intra-state Conflict, Governments and Security; Routledge), to protect each group in the state and to decrease the violence to a minimum. According to (Saideman, S. and Zahar, Marie-Joelle; (2008) Intra-state Conflict, Governments and Security; Routledge) the civil war can be resolved by the nationalist elites. The Elites can withdraw the mass attention to a less significant issue for the purpose of governmental faults or â€Å"issues that politicians want to avoid†. Also, the elites can try to divide each group based on nationalism, religion, race etc. so their support would be limited and the government would have more power to control the citizens and their actions. Other solutions can be trying to reduce the inequality or to improve the global norms about the violence usage between humans. The violence must be minimized that would make negotiations easier. Other option is a third side – a state guarantor, which is not directly linked with the war to use force to convince both sides to agreement. Democratization is a solution, as well, because it is impossible a war to occur between two or more democra tic states, thus it is impossible in one democratic state to occur a civil war. Conclusion International regimes can change the nature of states through international organization rules but limited because of the state sovereignty. International regimes can have impact on political, social, environmental, economy, cultural, technological realms. Each international organization has different level of influence to the state, different set of rules and requirements for participation. Thus when a country is joining an organization usually is doing reformations according to the particular organization set of rules and laws. They can have influence to the wars and to resolve the problem with them. In a civil war they can play the role of the third side (guarantor) and to use force to make agreement between the arguing sides. Democratization is other way to prevent wars because the democratic concept rejects the war as a method to resolve problems. Both democratic and liberal views collaborate by the idea of achieving agreement between belligerents by negotiations. Although the v ariety of wars solution wars still occurs, that means one thing – no solution is 100% effective, each case of war needs a careful consideration and precise actions. Bibliography: Anheier, H., Glasius M., and Kaldor, M.; Introducing Global Civil Society. [Online]. Available at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/CSHS/civilSociety/yearBook/chapterPdfs/2001/chapter01.pdf Anheier, Helmut K., 1954- (2001). Global civil society [yearbook]. Oxford: Oxford University Press ; Chapter: 2004/5: Global Civil Society: A Sceptical View [Online]. Available at: https://vle.york.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/Electronic%20Texts/Politics/Introduction%20to%20International%20Politics%20%5BYxxxx-002303%5D/92842%20%20Global%20Civil%20Society%20A%20Sceptical%20View.pdf Baylis, (2005). The Globalization of World Politics. Third edition. New York: Oxford University Press Gemmill, Barbara and Bamidele-Izu, Abimbola ; The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance. [Online]. Available at:  http://www.env-net.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/gemmill.pdf Hasenclever, A., Mayer P. and Rittberger, V. Theories of international regimes Andreas. Cambridge University Press [Online]. Available at: http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/political_science/users/elena.gadjanova/public/Theories%20of%20international%20regimes0001.pdf Heywood, Andrew (2011). Global politics. Palgrave Macmillan; Chapter: 3 Theories of Global Politics [Online]. Available at: Kaldor, Mary (2003). Global civil society. Polity Press; Chapter: Chapter 1 [Online]. Available at: https://vle.york.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/Electronic%20Texts/Politics/Introduction%20to%20International%20Politics%20%5BYxxxx-002303%5D/92807%20Global%20civil%20society%20pp.1-14.pdf https://vle.york.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/Electronic%20Texts/Politics/Introduction%20to%20International%20Politics%20%5BYxxxx-002303%5D/85351%20Global%20politics%20pp.53-82.pdf Rotberg, 2002, Failed States in a World of Terror, Foreign Affairs, vol. 81, issue 4, pp. 127-140 [Online]. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.york.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5b5633bb-65ff-4bc0-9268-41e527b8212d%40sessionmgr4002vid=2hid=4101 Saideman, S. M. and Zahar, Marie-Joelle. (2008) Intra-state Conflict, Governments and Security. Routledge

Marketing Interview Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework

Marketing Interview Many small businesses don’t realize how important their company image really is. The following is a formula for low cost marketing for a small business to create or better their image. To find this formula I interviewed Evan Paull, the owner of a small sign making company based in Annapolis Maryland called ‘Independent Sign Consortium’ or ‘ISC.’ ‘ISC’ was started in 1996 and has had a steady growth ever since. I also interviewed Allison Green, the marketing director of ‘Revisions,’ ‘Revisions’ is based in Baltimore Maryland and is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping the mentally ill. Many small companies believe that a corporate or company image develops all on it’s own. Therefore, they believe the business itself has little or no control over shaping the outcome of the image. Often a company will delay any investment in a public image because they think it’s an expensive luxury. It is only after some bad publicity or a negative event do they relies that some effort needs to be put into improving or defining their look. Of course if you wait until something like this happens the cost is always going to be higher. â€Å"Most successful businesses have a carefully crafted image that separates them from the competition and helps to establish a solid public presence,† remarks Allison Green. A distinct corporate image benefits many aspects of any business. Public relations rely on image to attract new customers and to generate repeat business. Finance departments depend on image to impress investors and shareholders with a sense of stability. Employees feel more secure when a company has a good image. An image should always accurately reflect the substance of a company. However, an image is only a perception, an appearance, a representative look of that substance. Subsequently, as Green says, â€Å"†¦it doesn’t always have to cost an arm and a leg†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to accurately represent the company. Given an unlimited budget, any fat corporation can create a new image or alter an outdated or damaged one. Those of us with more modest resources, given only a camera, a copier and an ink jet printer adding some creativity can do it even better. There are some things on which you should never cut corners, safety regulations or legal issues for example. Looking only at the surface, in this instance, is a good thing as is going for style not ne... ...e business community perceives you. Improve your image and increase your company’s public awareness and your networking by aligning yourself with a nonprofit as well. Have key staff serve as volunteers on the board of directors for one or more worthy causes. Press releases can go a long way to help out your image. News reports will jump on a dramatic news story or an important event. Realistically though, how often does that happen at most organizations. One way to improve the odds of getting your news in the press is to do it yourself. Do the research, find the angle, and write the article. Many reporters will take the easy road rather than write their own article. If they have space and all the work is already done, chances are they will use your story. For even better odds put the article on disc in a format that they use and include a photo. Last but certainly not least â€Å"never apologize on stage. Let people think you paid a lot for something. Don’t volunteer information. Most times no one will know the difference unless you tell them,† Green says. WORKS CITED Paull, Evan D. Personal interview. 22 November 2000 Green, Allison W. Telephone interview. 01 December 2000

Area 51 Essay -- essays research papers

The creation of Area 51 began in April of 1955, when a Lockheed test pilot, Tony LeVier, searched for a remote site to test the U-2. Grooms Lake is chosen as the location for the runway. By August of 1955, the U-2 makes its first flight from Grooms Lake. That was only the beginning for test flights from Area 51. In April 1962, the first A-12 Blackbird was tested at Groom Lake. February 1982, the F-117A Stealth fighter takes off for the first time. All other test flights have not been released to the public, but that doesn't mean they don't occur. However, they are, in no way, shape or form, alien test flights. Nearly all of the evidence that supports the alien spacecraft theory, is without backing, or solid information. Also, the US government played on the UFO theories to hide their own testing plans. Today, Area 51 is the home to the latest top secret aircraft: the Aurora, among others Many of these aircraft, past and present, are able to perform incredible feats in the sky. Some so unbelievable, that they could be mistaken for alien spacecraft by fanatics of extra-terrestrials. However, based on the falsified eye-witness accounts of Area 51, and declassification of military spy planes like the U-2 and F-117A Stealth fighter, I am here to tell you that these flights are not alien crafts, but actually secret military aircraft. I. According to Glenn Campbell, a leading researcher on Area 51, Bob Lazar provided the most incredible source for information supporting alien ships at Area 51, and also the most falsified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. He claims to have worked with alien spacecraft at an area called Area S-4,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  which is right next to Area 51.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. He claims he worked there until 1988 as a senior researcher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Government papers have shown that he was merely a repair technician.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. He also claims that he gained complete exposure to Area 51.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. He only made a few visits to the site between Nov 1988 and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  April ... ...sp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  things that can't be checked?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. The UFO sightings can be easily explained by military aircraft that are   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  being tested.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. dispy doodle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. green exhaust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  c. Aurora sonic booms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  d. glowing leading edge of Aurora Just because the military doesn't tell civilians about their aircraft does not mean that there must be alien intervention. It simply means that the government is trying to protect it new toys. They have every right to keep their top secret aircraft a secret.....that's why it is called top secret, right? The government is like a little kid. How many of you when you were little wanted to share your new toys? I didn

Abortion :: essays research papers

As of right now, abortion is legal in all nine months of the pregnancy for any reason. This controversial issue is a question of how important the value of life is. The turning point came in 1973 when the Supreme Court's decision in Roe vs. Wade saying, that women have the right to murder an innocent child only up to 24 weeks . This false perception is fueled part by groups supporting abortion rights and it is then uncritically unaccepted by the media. The fact is that the current law allows a woman to get an abortion for any reason she deems necessary.It seems ironic that a people can get so emotional when it comes to animal rights, yet see no wrong in ripping a developed baby from the protection of the mother. It is not the child's fault that he or she was conceived. Some people argue that the developing is not technically a child yet because it cannot live on its own. Most of the procedures in murdering the growing child can be painful to the baby and be harmful to the mother. So how can we as a nation make sure criminals are executed painlessly and let children be murdered by extremely painful measures. At 18 days after conception, a baby's heart is already beating, and at 6 weeks, brain waves can be measured. At 8 weeks, the stomach, liver, and kidneys are functioning, and the fingerprints have formed. At 9 weeks, the baby can feel pain . Here are some methods of early abortion:Vacuum Curettage: powerful suction tube inserted through the cervix and into the womb. The unborn child is torn apart by the force of the suction; the fetal body parts and placenta are sucked into a jar. Possible complications include infection, cervical laceration and uterine perforation. Mifepristone: also known as RU-486, the chemical causes an abortion by interfering with the function of the placenta, starving the unborn child to death. Prostaglandins are then administered to expel the fetus. This method of abortion takes place over the span of several days; the average woman using it bleeds heavily for more than nine days, but some women have bled for over four weeks. Mifepristone is just beginning to be used in the US. Long-term health risks are not yet known. Methotrexate: though not approved by the FDA for this use, a methotrexate injection kills the unborn child by interfering with the growth process (cell division).

Ethical Issues in the Work Place

Latoya J Week 2 1/18/2012 Discussion 1 Analyze your current work (or School) environment through the lens of the content in Chapter 2 and determine the most significant ethical issue and its impact on overall productivity and moral. Explain your rationale. ? Although I have only been working at Saint Joseph’s University as temporary administrative assistant for a few short months, I have noticed one major discrepancy involving the registrars department of the university. The most significant ethical issue suffered by this particular department involves Lawrence Kohlberg’s social contract stage within the stages of moral development. Kohlberg states that in the social contract stage although employees understand that there are rules and regulations they must follow in the work place, sometimes employees will break those rules to satisfy ones’ own wants and needs. (Hellriegel, Slocum, 2010) In Saint Joseph’s University’s registrar’s office I constantly see employees take off days just to get rest knowing there is a lot of work to be done. This current week in particular one of the receptionist took the week off to have a week relaxation in their hometown. Unfortunately, this individual choose the most important week of the semester, the first week of a new semester. During this week students are not only visiting the registrar’s office with questions regarding things like classroom locations, teacher confirmations, registration errors and alterations, transcript requests, and graduation applications, they are also contacting us via telephone. Since there are only two receptionist her and myself, I was left to manage a lot of the traffic on my own. There is one other front office employee that orks in the registrar’s office who is not an assistant registrar so she was there to lend a helping hand at times, but she too has her own work to finish. Due to the absence of the other receptionist, the office was behind on completely transcripts in a timely manner that we received online through the National Clearinghouse. On Wednesday, January 18, 2012 we had a total of 40 missed calls accompanied by voicemails because the other phone line went unanswered during times when I was either with another student, on another call I could not put on hold, or the other front office employee was not able to answer it. This caused a bit of stress within myself and the others within the office. Students were coming in so fast I was unable to appoint them to the correct assistant registrar to help them solve some of their questions because their offices were also over loaded with students, or faculty in need of classroom assignment alterations. Although I tried my best to help everyone, those individuals who needs were not met because we were shorthanded could possibly view the office as being unorganized as whole, or unprepared. The registrar’s office need to enforce the importance of attendance at work, especially during the extremely busy times of the year. When one is slacks off on their job by being absent when their presence counts the most it makes it creates a ripple in the organization. In this particular case calls were left unanswered, students were forced to either come back to the office at a later time or leave their information in hopes of being contacted at a later time, and transcripts were not sent out as quickly as they normally are.

Child and young person development Essay

Development in children is gaining skills and experiences in every aspect of the child’s life. The different types of development are split into three main categories: physical development, communication and intellectual development and social, emotional and behavioural development. Physical development improves the child’s body skills such as gross motor development, which is using large muscles such as the muscles within arms and legs, and fine motor development, which is the use of precise muscles such as those of the hands and fingers. Communication and intellectual development allows the child to communicate and connect with different members of society – family, friends and all others – whilst also improving the child’s understanding and thinking skills. Social, emotional and behavioural development allows the child to develop relationships with other children and adults whilst learning the necessary skills to live in society with others and a llows the child to form their own unique identity and self-image. Although each child develops at their own rate, there are things or certain milestones that are to be expected when reaching a certain age. Between birth and 3 months old babies cannot understand what is happening to them. They do not understand that they are being cared for, and they do not even realise that they are people. They feel ‘happy’ when they feed but don’t fully understand what ‘happy’ is. As babies are not able to think, they will pick up on somebody’s feelings and mirror them. Although babies grow to exist by themselves, outside of their mother’s womb, most of their bodies are still very immature. As they don’t understand their environment, babies can become very distressed if they are given too much to see. From birth to 3 months, babies communicate with others by crying. This allows their carer to know when they are hungry, tired, etc. From birth, when a baby’s cheek is touched, they will turn their head towards the feeling. By six weeks old, babies can smile responsively. By 2 months old, a baby can usually kick its legs vigorously. By 1 month old, a baby can follow a moving light, however, by 2-3 months old, they can watch a moving face accurately. Between 3-6 months old, babies are beginning to understand their surroundings. T hey start to know and recognise regular people within their lives, e.g. their mother, father, grandparents and siblings. They begin to make eye contact and at this age, start to smile. If they see that an adult looks cross, they will feel and look worried. Babies have trouble grasping  that themselves and their primary care-giver (usually the mother) are separate. It is between 3-6 months old that babies start to gain some control over their bodies. They start to explore their hands and feet and begin to understand that they can feel on the outside as well as the inside. Babies ‘coo’ for pleasure and they are able to ‘talk’ to their toys by 6 months old. Between 3-4 months old, they are able to hold objects, and swipe at dangling objects, but usually miss. Between the ages of 4-6 months, a baby will usually learn to roll over. By 6 months old, a baby will usually be able to support their own weight by standing on their feet for very short periods of time. Between 6-12 months is the stage that babies explore through physically doing. They will begin crawling and rolling over independently. From 6-8 months they will be able to sit up with support, and from 9 months onwards will be able to do so on their own. From 9 months old, babies will be able to use things such as furniture to stand up. Babies can imitate sounds and actions and recognise words and phrases. They can say a few words unclearly and it is at this point that they begin to respond to their name. Between the ages of 6-12 months, they are able to point to familiar things and they realise that things still exist when they are out of sight and will begin to look for them. Tow ards 10-12 months old, babies like to put things in containers. They like to remain physically close to their primary care giver, and shows pleasure when that person returns to them. They seek comfort when they are upset and start to read other people’s emotions. Babies, between the age 6-12 months, enjoy games such as Peek-a-Boo, and they play purposely with toys. They become anxious around strangers and may cry or cling when their parents leave.

Is the Classical Approach to Management Obsolete? Essay

This essay argues the validity of the classical approach to management today. We cannot deny that businesses and organisations have evolved and changed a lot since the classical theorists, which date from the early twentieth century, but yet the main ideas about management that they gave to society are still sustainable today. The classical organisation theory represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. (Walonick,1993). Classical theorists suggested a â€Å"one best way† to organise and manage, which is called â€Å"structural universalism† (Organisational Behaviour). These theorists were really concerned about the formal processes inside the business, they put emphasis on rationality and on the lack of consideration for human aspects. This doesn’t mean that the classics were heartless, but they cared more about the organisation as a whole than on the employers themselves. (Boland, 2012). By classical theorists in this essay we are going to base in one of the most significant representatives, Henri Fayol, who stated that there were five main elements of management: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Fayol, 1949). Thus, these functions are commonly known as the elements or processes that the classical theorists say that management is about. Another classical perspective useful in this essay would be the Taylor’s one, who can be defined as the father of the scientific management (F.W. Taylor, 1917), which was about finding the one â€Å"best way† to perform each task, carefully matching each worker to each task, closely supervise workers, using reward and punishment as motivators, and, finally, he referred to the task of management as planning and controlling. Even though this classical perspective has been very criticised by many authors (Mintzberg, Kotter, Stewart, etc.), the reasons that they have given to invalidate that classical perspective aren’t really coherent because they don’t certainly provide a different idea of how to manage or how do the managers act. It is true that in his article (Mintzberg, 1975), Mintzberg categorises managerial activities into three different groups –interpersonal, informational and decisional- but at the end he doesn’t really contradicts what Fayol said. In fact, as M.J. Fells argued in his  article (Fayol stands the test of time) Mintzberg â€Å"tends to confirm rather than deny the classical views.† Therefore, having explained the classics’ and the contemporaneous’ views of management, we can confirm that the real and basic statements are the ones given by the first ones. Furthermore, if this idea doesn’t really convince the reader, Fayol said that there was no limit on the number of management principles and that they should be flexible and adaptable to any need (Fells, 2000), so that makes his definition even more general and suitable as time goes by. Thus, to sum up and in accordance to everything explained above, the reflexion made by Fells in his article â€Å"Fayol stands the test of life† fits quite well to conclude this essay: â€Å"Fayol’s principles may indeed be relevant today and should not be ignored until they have been superseded or refuted† So as they haven’t actually been superseded nor even refuted we can continue trusting them. References: Boland, A. (2012, October). Introduction to Management and Organisations. Lecture 3 – The classical theorists. Brooks, I., (2009), Organisational Behaviour – Individuals, Groups and the Organisation 4th Edition. London, FT Prentice-Hall. Fayol, H, (1949) General and industrial management. (C. Storrs, Trans,), London, England: Pitman Fells, M.J (2000). Fayol stands the test of time, Journal of Management History, vol. 6, No.8, pp. 345-360 Mintzberg, H. (1975). The Manager’s Job: Folklore and Fact. Harvard Business Review , pp. 49-61. Taylor, F. W. 1917. The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper. Walonick, D.S., (1993), Organizational Theory and Behaviour.